Hybrid Optimization of the Emission and Economic Dispatch by the Genetic Algorithm
Lahouari ABDELHAKEM KORIDAK1*, Mostefa RAHLI2, Mimoun YOUNES3
1, 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, USTO MB BP 1505, Oran El M’naouer, Algeria.
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, USBA BP 89 Sidi Djillali, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria.
(* Phone/Fax: 213 41 56 03 01)
E-mails: hkoridak@yahoo.fr, rahlim@yahoo.fr, mnyounes@yahoo.fr
Abstract
This paper presents an efficient and reliable technique of optimization with combined economic emission dispatch. This problem has been formulated as a multi-objective problem by considering both economy and emission simultaneously. The bi-objective problem is converted into single objective function using hybrid factor in the proposed approach. The optimal solution of problem is determined by genetic algorithm. This approach has been tested on Indian utility-62 bus systems consisting of 19 generators with line flow constraints. The solutions obtained are quite encouraging and useful in the present deregulated environment.
Keywords
Nonlinear Programming; Genetic Algorithms; Load Flow; Combined Economic Emission Dispatch.
Introduction
In traditional economic dispatch, the operating cost is reduced by the suitable attribution of the quantity of power to be produced by different generating units. However the optimal production cost can not be the best in terms of the environmental criteria. Recently many countries throughout the world have concentrated on the reduction of the quantity of pollutants from fossil fuel to the production of electrical energy of each unit. The gaseous pollutants emitted by the power stations cause harmful effects with the human beings and the environment like the sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and the carbon dioxide (CO2), etc. Thus, the optimization of production cost should not be the only objective but the reduction of emission must also be taken into account. Considering the difference in homogeneity of the two equations, the equation of the cost of fuel given in $/hr, and the equation of emission of gases to the production of electrical energy given in Kg/hr. In this approach, we optimize the two equations at the same time using a factor of hybridization (Hi). The genetic algorithms are more advanced to solve the problem of multi-objective optimization; the problem consists in combining the economic control system and the gas emission with the production of electrical energy.
Genetic Algorithm
Genetic algorithms (GA) were developed after original work by Holland (1975). These consist of optimization procedures based on principles inspired by natural evolution. Given a problem for which a closed-form solution is unidentified, or impossible to obtain with classical methods, an initial randomly generated population of possible solution is created. Its characteristics are then used in an equivalent string of genes or chromosomes that will be later recombined with genes from other individuals. Each solution is assimilated to an individual, who is evaluated and classified in relation with its closeness to the best, yet still unknown, solution to the problem. It can be shown that, by using a Darwinian-inspired natural selection process, the method will gradually converge towards the best possible solution.
Figure 1. Outline of a genetic algorithm
Most often, researchers encode individuals using bit string encoding called binary-coded GA. In this work, individuals are represented with floating point or real numbers. In real-coded Gas, an individual is coded as vector of real numbers corresponding to design variables. The real-coded Gas are robust, accurate and efficient because of floating point representation is conceptually closest to the real design space.
Genetic Operators
In this work, the following GA operators are used:
¸ Whole linear crossover: Crossover operator is intended to combine the genetic data of the existing population and generating offspring’s. Pair of chromosomes is recombined on a random basis to form two new individuals. If according to a probability of crossover parameter, pc, there is crossover, then a whole linear crossover is used. From two parents p1 and p2, three offspring’s are generated, namely 0.5p1+0.5p2, 1.5p1-0.5p2, and -0.5p1+1.5p2. The best two of the three offspring’s are then selected.
¸ Non-uniform mutation: Mutation operator plays a secondary role. It allows new genetic patterns to be formed, thus improving the search method. Occasionally, it protects some useful genetic material loss. During the process, a rate of mutation, pm, determines the possibility of mutating one of the design variables. If a variable is chosen to be mutated, its value is modified as follows:
(1)
(2)
where r is a uniform random number between 0 and 1, T is the maximum generation, and b is a parameter determining the degree of dependency on the generation number (usually chosen between 1 and 5).
¸ Elitist strategy: In standard GA the best possible solution is not preserved, thereby increasing the chance of loosing the obtainable best possible solution. Elitist strategy overcomes this problem by copying the best member of each generation into the next one.
Problem Formulation
The bi-objective combined economic emission dispatch problem is converted into single optimization problem by introducing prince hybridization factor.
Optimization of problem has been mathematically formulated is as follows.
(3)
where is the optimal cost of power generation. and are total cost and total emission of generators respectively.
nG represents the number of generators connected in the network. The cost is optimized with the following constraints.
(4)
where PGi is the real power generation of ith generator, PD is the total load of the system and PL is the transmission losses of the system. The inequality constraints on real power generation PGi of each generation i are:
(5)
where and are minimum and maximum value of real power allowed at generator
i respectively.
The fuel cost of the production ($/hr) in terms of control variables generator powers can be expressed as,
(6)
where PGi is the real power output of an ith generator. ,,are the fuel cost curve coefficients.
The total function of emission (kg/hr) can be expressed as,
(7)
where , and are emission coefficients.
The factor of hybridization is exposed like as:
(8)
where i = 1,2,……………..,nG.
The function to minimize can be described as follows.
(9)
Subject to equality constraints,
(10)
and inequality constraints,
(11)
Use of constraints
Constraints may be handled by exterior penalty method; many alternatives are possible, simplest one is to square the violated constraints, multiply by a penalty coefficient and add to the fitness function.
Usually penalty coefficient is a large number.
Subject to the constraints
The constrained function can be transformed to an unconstrained function
(12)
where is the penalty coefficient.
For the application of the genetic algorithm, we transformed our problem of minimization with constraints has a minimization with not constraints by penalty method as follows.
(13)
Equality constraints: and inequality constraints:
Simulation Results
The algorithm was applied to IEEE-30 bus system with 06 generating units and 41 transmission lines with four tap changing transformers. The total system load demand is 283.4 MW. The values of fuel cost and emission coefficients are given in Table 1 and the single-line diagram of this system is shown in Figure 2.
Table 1. Generator costs and emission coefficients.
N° Generator |
ai |
bi |
ci |
αi |
βi |
γi |
1 |
0.00375 |
2.00 |
0 |
0.0126 |
-1.1000 |
22.983 |
2 |
0.01750 |
1.75 |
0 |
0.0200 |
-0.1000 |
25.313 |
3 |
0.06250 |
1.00 |
0 |
0.0270 |
-0.0100 |
25.505 |
4 |
0.00834 |
3.25 |
0 |
0.0291 |
-0.0050 |
24.900 |
5 |
0.02500 |
3.00 |
0 |
0.0290 |
-0.0040 |
24.700 |
6 |
0.02500 |
3.00 |
0 |
0.0271 |
-0.0055 |
25.300 |
Figure 2. The single-line diagram of IEEE30-bus system
The factor of hybridization Hi for IEEE-30 bus system was explained as follows:
Hi = [h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6]; Hi = [1.792, 1, 734, 2.230, 2.053, 2.220, 2.338]
S PGi - Pd - PL = 0 (MW)ÞS PGi - 297.5 = 0
Table 2. Generator operating limits
Bus |
Pmin |
Pmax |
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 |
50 20 15 10 10 12 |
200 80 50 35 30 40 |
Result of the application
The optimal values of the generated powers, total cost of hybrid function, Fuel cost and Emission output are given by table 3.
Table 3. The best solution for fuel cost and emission gas optimized simultaneous.
N° Generator |
GA method |
EP method |
PG1 Opt (MW) |
139.202 |
118.770 |
PG2 Opt (MW) |
54.792 |
62.246 |
PG3 Opt (MW) |
25.618 |
34.462 |
PG4 Opt (MW) |
29.560 |
24.289 |
PG5 Opt (MW) |
23.989 |
21.621 |
PG6 Opt (MW) |
24.340 |
28.072 |
Best Hybrid function |
1566.177 |
2151.570 |
Fuel Cost. ($/hr) |
769.677 |
840.219 |
Emission (Kg/hr) |
353.404 |
350.509 |
· EP: Evolutionary Programming [4]
· GA: Genetic Algorithm (Proposed approach).
Interpretations
For the results of table 3, we calculated the optimum of the function combined between the fuel cost and the emission gas by introducing the factor to align dimensions of the two functions and we replaced the optimum power to find in both function.
In table 4, we optimized the two functions separately and one replaced the optimum power of the first in the second and conversely.
For our approach we can save 41.09 $/hr of fuel and minimize 3.622 Kg/hr of toxic gas to liberate in the environment.
Figure 3. The best generator setting of GA
Table 4. The best solution for fuel cost and emission gas optimized individually.
|
Best Fuel Cost |
Best Emission Gas |
PG1 (MW) |
178.954 |
117.516 |
PG2 (MW) |
046.703 |
052.192 |
PG3 (MW) |
020.790 |
032.167 |
PG4 (MW) |
025.763 |
033.362 |
PG5 (MW) |
010.042 |
027.147 |
PG6 (MW) |
015.248 |
035.114 |
Fuel cost ($/hr) |
810.767 |
876.403 |
Emission ( Kg/hr) |
402.546 |
357.026 |
Conclusion
In this article, an approach based on a genetic algorithm was presented and applied to the fuel cost and the function of emission gas in electric power network. The problem was formulated as multi-objective function environmental / economic dispatch, the problem is to optimize the fuel cost of the production and the emission gas on the environment at the same time.
For reason of the difference dimensioning of the two functions, we have to use the factor of hybridization for the first test (table 3), and for the second test (table 4) we have to optimize both separately function.
The genetic algorithm thus gave us well satisfactory results. This shows that it is much faster and more effective than the traditional techniques by dealing with the multi objective problems of optimization.
Certainly, we compared the minimal cost calculated in the first test with the minimal in the second test. We carried out in test 1 a reduction of 86.93 Kg/day pollutant gas (Nox, SO2, CO2, CO) emitted in the atmosphere and we have to gain has little close 987 $/day.
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